Posts Tagged ‘Europe’

 

HC heat pump dryers could meet EU efficiency standards

Monday, January 16th, 2012

With the imminent introduction of minimum energy efficiency requirements for household tumble dryers in the EU expected to HC heat pump dryers could meet EU efficiency standardspromote the use of heat pump technology for drying applications, the use of hydrocarbons in heat pump dryers could be a means to achieve high product energy efficiency while minimising direct emissions at the same time.

The European Commission estimates that annual electricity consumption of household tumble driers amounted to 21 TWh in the European Union (EU) in 2005. Under business as usual scenarios this is expected to rise to 31 TWh in 2020.

Against this backdrop, a possible upcoming EU regulation will be setting ecodesign and therefore minimum energy efficiency standards for household tumble dryers, rendering the use of heat pump dryers more attractive. The scope of this regulation covers electric mains-operated and gas-fired household tumble dryers and built-in household tumble dryers, including those sold for non-household use, however it will not apply to household combined washer-dryers or household spin-extractors.

The latest publicly available working document proposes the following minimum energy efficiency requirements:

  • One year after the entry into force of the regulation: the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of household tumble dryers shall be less than 85, while for household condenser tumble dryers the weighted condensation efficiency shall be not lower than 60%
  • Five years after the entry into force of the regulation: the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of household tumble dryers shall be less than 76, while for household condenser tumble dryers the weighted condensation efficiency shall be not lower than 70%

Hydrocarbon heat pump dryer: good performance, lower TEWI

Heat pumps dryers available today on the market typically use R134a refrigerant. However the potential of using natural refrigerants hydrocarbons and CO2 is receiving interest, as indicated in a paper titled “Refrigerant selection for a heat pump tumble dryer” co-authored by Marek Zgliczynski and L. Novak of Embraco Slovakia s.r.o and J. Schnotale and A. Flga-Maryanczyk of Cracow University of Technology that was presented in August 2011 at the 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR 2011), in Prague, Czech Republic.

The authors discuss theoretical simulations of a heat pump dryer with different refrigerants, namely R134a, R290 and R744, as well as actual performance measurements at 20°C ambient temperature of real heat pump laundry dryers employing piston compressors. Measured values of Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) are in agreement with those obtained from cycle simulations, which indicate almost identical SEC values for R134a and R290 and higher values for the R744 transcritical cycle.

The results from measurements of the real model were also used for carrying out a Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) analysis. Assuming among other things a leakage rate at the level of 0,003kg per year, an equipment lifetime of 7 years, a 90% recycling factor and considering the energy mix situation in Slovakia (0,171kgCO2/kWh), the authors found the R290 heat pump dryer to encompass the lowest TEWI factor:

  • R134a heat pump dryer TEWI: 403,6
  • R290 heat pump dryer TEWI: 332,5
  • R744 heat pump dryer TEWI: 377,3
  • Electric spiral dryer TEWI: 836,6

About heat pump dryers

A heat pump dryer uses a refrigerating system that heats up the process air for drying the laundry and then cools it down to extract the moisture and to recover energy. Hermetic reciprocating compressors used in heat pump dryers have similarities to those used in light commercial refrigeration applications. However, robust mechanical design and special features such as a strong motor are required for the compressor to be able to withstand more severe working conditions.

China: learning from Europe’s experience in HC training and certification

Monday, January 16th, 2012

With hydrocarbons being one of the key alternatives that China is implementing for the phase-out of HCFCs, a Chinese mission has China: learning from Europe’s experience in HC training and certificationvisited Centro Studi Galileo, the Italian expert institute in hydrocarbons training. Meeting participants concluded that China could learn from the experience of Europe in the process of strengthening its training & certification of refrigeration technicians and discussed the possibility to meet again in the coming months to decide on a collaboration agreement in that respect.

The Chinese delegation that visited the headquarters of Centro Studi Galileo, Italy, in December 2011 as part of a project organised by GIZ Proklima included representatives from China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection as well as Shanghai Jiao-Tong University and China Household Electrical Appliances Association (CHEAA), the latter recently having issued China’s first technology roadmap for the home appliance industry which puts a focus on replacing HCFCs with new refrigerants.

On the European side, meeting participants included representatives from the Centro Studi Galileo, the Italian Association of Refrigeration (ATF), the European Energy Centre (EEC) and the vice-presidency of the European Association of Refrigeration (AREA), while present was also the Indian TERRE Policy Centre.

Towards a collaboration agreement on training & certification?

Centro Studi Galileo, TERRE and China discussed the possibility to meet again in a few months’ time in order to create, in due course, an agreement of collaboration on certification, training, education and sharing experiences.

Zhong Zhifeng of China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection stated, “Building a strong bridge with Europe is important for us to ensure low GWP and energy efficient technology. Hydrocarbons are one of the important alternatives that China is implementing for the phase-out of HCFCs. This meeting is an important beginning for the training and capacity building in this direction”.

Rajendra Shende, former Head of the United Nations Environment Programme and Chairman of the TERRE Policy Centre of India, who guided the meeting, stated that “Efforts of GIZ and Centro Studi Galileo in the field of improving the energy efficiency of refrigeration and air conditioning appliances and the use of natural refrigerants are the most timely and relevant for China who is embarking on the implementation of HCFC phase-out”.

Sharing Europe’s experience with natural refrigerants and plant visits

AREA’s Vice President Marco Buoni presented the European experience on the elimination of HCFC gases, and the development of natural and alternative refrigerants, also presenting the results obtained in energy savings.

Participants also discussed the importance of harmonisation of policies on the safe handling of low GWP gases such as hydrocarbons for capacity building and their deployment globally.

The event also included visits to manufacturing plants including a plant that will produce natural refrigerant vending machines based on carbon dioxide for Coca Cola that will be deployed in the London 2012 Olympics.

Background

In December 2011, China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection launched the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP), a US$270 million (€188 million) project that had previously been approved by the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol in summer 2011 and which enables the country to achieve its target of a 10% reduction in the consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by 2015.

As part of the HPMP, 18 of the 32 air conditioning production lines in China will be converted to hydrocarbon refrigerant R290.

U.S. Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) Renewable Energy Roadmap Announced

Friday, January 13th, 2012

Canada Releases MHK Roadmap on Same Day Five MHK Roadmaps Emerge Globally in October 2011 All-Europe, Canada, U.S., and International join Scotland and Ireland in Mapping MHK Progress

Today, the Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition (OREC) unveiled the first U.S. Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) Technology Roadmap. The roadmap describes the issues, challenges and opportunities facing the MHK industry and outlines a clear and logical path to its commercialization. Technologies that capture energy from free-flowing waves, tides and currents represent the potential to provide up to ten percent of U.S. electricity consumption and continue to make advances and gain popularity in coastal communities around the world.

Canada’s Ocean Renewable Energy Group (OREG), the Canadian MHK trade group, announced the release of its own industry roadmap today at the OREG annual conference in Montreal, where the Honorable Joe Oliver, Canada’s Minister of Natural Resources, was on hand to receive the first printed copy. Also announcing similar initiatives this Fall include:

The ORECCA Offshore Renewable Energy Roadmap (European Union);

The International Energy Agency’s Ocean Energy Systems International Vision for Ocean Energy;

3rd phase SuperGen Marine Energy Research Consortium (United Kingdom); and,

The Chilean Energy Ministry and the British Embassy in Chile recently commissioned a marine energy strategy for Chile.

“The fact that Canada and the U.S. announced MHK roadmaps on the same date, along with the announcements of additional regional and international MHK roadmaps, underscores the competition and cooperation we’re experiencing in this fast growing industry.” said Sean O’Neill, OREC’s President.  “A clean energy future is in everyone’s best interest. As North America enters the global competition, we are joining an international race based on common interests in energy security, job growth and economic development, environmental improvements and the reality of finite fossil fuel resources.”

Chris Campbell, OREG’s Executive Director, commented, “Canada’s strategy is based on existing sales of river current generators, wave and current monitoring equipment worldwide, Alstom’s development of a Canadian tidal technology to be the world’s first 2 Megawatt system and the strategy we are seeing emerge around tidal opportunities in Nova Scotia.”

Bob Thresher of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory facilitated the development of the U.S. Roadmap. “Countries in Europe produced similar roadmaps as long as ten years ago,” he said. “The U.S. Roadmap is a critical step forward in the domestic commercialization of these technologies.  Support from the U.S. Department of Energy and colleagues from overseas, including Henry Jeffrey of the University of Edinburgh who has had his hand in just about every Roadmap, worldwide, helped move this along.” he added.

“I am delighted to have been involved in so many of these efforts,” added University of Edinburgh’s Dr. Henry Jeffrey. “International interest in coherent strategic planning shows how serious these efforts are. There is significant global recognition of the economic and environmental benefits this sector can deliver and the increased system reliability supported by a diverse supply portfolio.”

John Huckerby, Chairman of Ocean Energy Systems, the international intergovernmental consortium welcomed the number of national and regional initiatives that complement the international vision just released by OES. “These initiatives highlight the growing recognition of this industry and its potential contributions to energy security, our environment, and our economies.”

“Since 2008, the U.S. Government has invested more than $50 million in the MHK sector. This roadmap and continued federal support will help protect these investments and lead to energy independence, a cleaner environment and the potential to export clean energy technology and capture a piece of this global market estimated at over $600 billion (U.S.),” said O’Neill.

The U.S. MHK Roadmap spells out the steps necessary to achieve at least 15 Gigawatts of grid-connected MHK power by 2030 and create up to 36,000 jobs in the process. The Roadmap emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts, continued funding for research, development and deployment activities and support for an environmental study program that would help place vital data into the public domain.

The U.S. Roadmap and Executive Summary are available online:  http://www.oceanrenewable.com/roadmap

About the Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition

The Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition (OREC) is the only national trade association exclusively dedicated to promoting marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies from clean, renewable ocean resources. Founded in April of 2005, the Coalition has grown to over 60 members including technology developers, consultants, law firms, investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, universities, and scientific and engineering firms. The coalition is working with industry leaders, academic scholars, and other interested NGO’s to encourage ocean renewable technologies and raise awareness of their vast potential to help secure an affordable, reliable, environmentally friendly energy future.

OREC seeks a legislative and regulatory regime in the U.S. that fosters the growth of ocean renewable technologies, their commercial development, and support in the race to capture the rich energy potential of our oceans. While other countries have already deployed viable, operating, power generating projects using the emission-free power of ocean waves, currents, and tidal forces, the U.S. is only beginning to acknowledge the importance of these technologies.